DNP -805A Healthcare Informatics

Introduction 

Are you a healthcare professional looking for ways to improve the patient’s care with the use of data? Then DNP 805A Healthcare Informatics is your degree of choice. Healthcare informatics and information technology are integral in nursing practice and education. The Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP), is an online degree ideally studied by health informatics, nurse leaders, and registered nurses. It is one of the proliferative advancing degree programs in the United States. The DNP degree works by improving nursing theoretical knowledge and clinical practice by involving them in scholarly activities and professional discussions with experts.

Healthcare informatics plays an integral role in health care by studying and analyzing information systems to help in data-driven decisions. The DNP degree aims to help professionals in delivering specialized nursing roles with ease. Doctor of nursing practice graduates showcase the best management practice, they also provide evidence-based health care approaches and up to date research methods. One of the essential content of the DNP program is indulgence in information systems and technological patient care methods that are bringing transformative changes in the healthcare industry.

Aim of the unit 

Nursing informatics deals with data and information and analyzes it to help in decision-making and problem-solving. The DNP degree aims to help healthcare informatics improve their healthcare practices by:

1. Understanding current informatics literature and performing various investigations to improve clinical practice and outcomes
2. Testing and implementing new health care practices, and interventions and becoming well versed with the IT systems lifecycle.
3. Tracking the health care trends, forming theories, predicting the future, and recommending policies.
4. Research and retrieve guidelines, scientific evidence, and protocols that help in improving patient care.
5. Contribute and support the healthcare policies.
6. Learn how to use informatics tools to analyze and manage data as needed

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act passed in 2010 brought a series of transformative changes in the United States health care systems. The law emphasizes the need for preventive healthcare models, and this warrants the need for well-trained healthcare professionals. Graduates of Doctor of Nursing Practice are equipped with skills in community leadership, advocating future policy initiatives, and working in interdisciplinary teams. 

According to the American Association of College of Nursing (AACN), a doctorate helps graduates improve their nursing practice, boost their competencies in clinical and leadership roles, and hence improves patient care. Traditionally, nurses advanced with research doctorates such as Ph.D., and DSNs were to function in faculty roles, become nurse educators, and work in research-intensive places. However, now the DNP graduates are becoming extremely valuable individuals in the areas of field knowledge and nursing education.

 The DNP program prepares nurses for their educator role by providing them with specialized skills and knowledge. It also helps them to master leadership roles that can be used in their current working organizations. Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) degree just like other educational programs aim to help nurses achieve their personal and professional goals by making them a valuable commodity in the career market.

Learning Outcomes

DNP 805A Healthcare Informatics course fills a role that has emerged following the changes in the healthcare setting. The increasing need for healthcare informatics has been catalyzed by the intricacy of patient care. The National Institute of Health (NIH) recently reported that the DNP health care informatics course may lead to a substantial transformative change in the medical industry. It would also lead to an increased population of CNIOs in hospital organizations. The Doctor of Nursing Practice degree(DNP) mainly focuses on project management, nursing terminologies, technology courses and decision supports system.

Several certified bodies are accredited to offer DNP healthcare informatics courses and certification. Some of these include the American Health Information Management Association (AHMA) and the Health Information Management System Society (HIMSS). The Doctor of Nursing Practice is a very exciting field that combines computer and big data with health care and science. As a healthcare informatics graduate, you can analyze data from the Electronic Health Records (EHR) and develop solutions that help improve patient health. Some of the skills that graduates learn from the DNP health care informatics course include:

Data analysis – analysis of data is an important component of the health care informatics course.DNP helps learners to understand the tools and techniques used in data analysis. Learners are also given assignments by their professors to gauge them on the course.

Problem-solving– as it goes without saying healthcare informatics use patients’ data to solve health-related problems. The informatics identifies the trends in the patient’s data and comes up with effective solutions. At some point, they build and create problem-solving tools for healthcare professionals.

Health information management – the role of healthcare informatics is to understand the health information systems that are used in hospitals, research institutions, and insurance companies. Graduates need to have an integral understanding of how data moves within systems and their legal requirements in protecting the patient’s information.

Electronic health records – EHR is the most recent method of storing patient data such as patient’s diagnosis, demographics, medication, and case history. Healthcare informatics must be able to read Electronic Health Records. The DNP course contains an entire Unit on electronic health records.  EHR helps healthcare professionals obtain timely data and this by far can help professionals make better decisions and hence provide better care.

Computer Programming –Healthcare informatics learners are likely to spend most of their time using computers. While designing, analyzing, and displaying data they need computer programming skills. The DNP health care informatics degree is designed to teach nurses computer programming languages.

Analytical thinking and artificial intelligence – Healthcare informatics require a huge amount of analytical thinking. You must be able to extract the data you need and make conclusions with ease. Artificial intelligence also plays a major role in health by analyzing huge amounts of data and hence informatics needs to be well-versed in the use of AI and machine learning.

What are some of the topics that can be covered in DNP -805A Health care informatics?

The American Association of Nursing in 2006, approved the Doctor of Nursing degree(DNP) to equip graduates with proper patient management skills, policy innovation and implementation, and practice-focused leadership skills. This DNP degree equips clinical leaders with skills on how to include information in data repositories hence improving practice. 

The degree does not primarily focus on research like other doctrines such as Ph.D.; it focuses on promoting leadership skills and innovative nursing practices. Therefore graduates benefit from skills such as administration, policy implementation, and patient care management. Some of the key DNP 805A Health Informatics topics that nurses will go through include:

1. Understanding the use of computers in developing clinical information 

This topic will primarily introduce the professional to the various types of computers and help them understand current systems used in health care such as the EHR. The topic also digs deep into nursing leadership’s role in selecting, implementing, and evaluating healthcare information systems. It also helps nurses to understand how information technology can impact the overall health outcome. 

2. Understanding the key elements of E-learning, Computer-assisted instructions and information tools  

This course is designed to help health informatics understand the specific skills that are required in collecting and maintaining electronic health data. It helps the nurses to focus and evaluate the existing and emerging technology. The bigger part of this topic studies the cost and benefit analysis, compatibility, and security of health informatics systems. Heath informatics learners will be taught how to evaluate applications and software for efficacy and productivity. 

The use of AI and machine learning in healthcare cannot be overlooked. Artificial intelligence is now being used to produce detailed diagnosis and patient treatment plan in complex data. The benefits of AI in medicine are very vast and this makes DNP graduates valuable commodities. This is because the graduates are equipped with the latest health information systems technology and data analysis techniques.

3. Understanding the key issues related to informatics

Just like any other profession, healthcare informatics professionals must ensure they remain current with the latest policies and regulations. Among the essential laws that nursing informatics experts should be well-versed in are those about the storage of health information, the sharing of personal data, and proper record-keeping. Moreover, healthcare informatics practitioners should be vigilant about pertinent policies, such as the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health, the Affordable Care Act, and the Health Information Portability and Accountability Act.

One of the paramount issues in the field of medicine is Telehealth, and healthcare informatics professionals have played a pivotal role in its implementation. Telehealth involves the utilisation of digital information and communication applications to remotely manage patients. Healthcare informatics experts have developed software solutions that enable the monitoring of patients’ vital signs, including heart rate and blood pressure, while also maintaining comprehensive records.

4. Understanding how to use informatics tools to collect, and analyze data and information

Within the domain of healthcare informatics, individuals are instructed in the proficient recording of clinical data employing approved federal terminologies. Moreover, they gain the expertise to analyze intricate patient data through the utilization of standard data mining techniques and evidence-based strategies. A pivotal component of this subject matter involves imparting the knowledge and skills necessary for informatics professionals to design, implement, and enhance systems within a hospital environment.

5. Evaluating the ethical, cultural, and legal implications of technology in health 

The realm of data use, along with legal and cultural ethics, constitutes another crucial area of study for healthcare informatics professionals. Ethics predominantly addresses the proper handling, secure storage, retrieval, and responsible sharing of healthcare information, whether within the same institution or with other medical organizations. As technology continues to advance, the incidence of cybersecurity breaches has surged. Consequently, healthcare informatics professionals must be well-versed in the paramount significance of upholding patient data confidentiality and privacy.

According to the FBI’s crime report, a staggering 800,944 cases of cybersecurity issues and breaches have been reported. Pursuing a Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) degree can equip health informatics experts with the knowledge required to identify and mitigate potential cybersecurity threats effectively.

6. Consumer health informatics  

Research indicates that effective communication skills have a significant impact on enhancing organizational performance. Therefore, healthcare informatics professionals must possess strong communication skills. The field of consumer health informatics serves as a bridge between technology and communication with patients.

This DNP health informatics course equips graduates with the ability to simplify complex data and convey it to patients in an understandable manner. It also encompasses the study of systems that monitor patients’ progress. Within the realm of consumer health informatics, topics include educating patients about their diagnosis, risk factors, prognosis, and treatment, along with an exploration of the role that technology plays in facilitating these activities.

What are the career opportunities for graduates of DNP 805A Health informatics?

 A nursing degree in healthcare informatics can be a pivotal stepping stone towards a rewarding career journey. The Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) degree amalgamates nursing expertise with information technology, with the overarching goal of enhancing patient care. DNP healthcare informatics is an ideal choice for nursing professionals who harbor a keen interest in data and technology.

In recent times, the healthcare industry has increasingly relied on technology to augment patient care and improve outcomes. Consequently, this paradigm shift has created a wealth of career opportunities for DNP nursing informatics professionals. A significant majority of these informatics experts are employed in hospital settings, while the remainder find their niche in research institutions and technology companies. Some of the promising career opportunities for individuals with a DNP in healthcare informatics include:

• Health information specialist  

Healthcare information specialists primarily focus on managing patient data, encompassing vital information such as medical history, physical examinations, laboratory results, and treatment records. Their responsibilities include the analysis and coding of patient data to identify patterns and make future predictions. As a result, healthcare information specialists must possess a comprehensive understanding of the diverse systems employed to present patient data in electronic medical records, facilitate insurance reimbursement, and populate databases.

In addition to technical proficiency, these professionals need to stay well-informed about current federal regulations and guidelines that govern healthcare data management. Maintaining confidentiality and privacy within patient records is an integral part of their role. To embark on a career as a healthcare information specialist, individuals typically pursue a bachelor’s degree in health informatics or related fields. The median annual salary for these specialists is approximately $45,250.

• Nursing Informatics Specialist  

Nursing informatics specialists are tasked with the management of clinical information systems, all in pursuit of enhancing the precision and quality of patient data. Their central objective is to elevate patient care and enhance overall outcomes. In this capacity, they are engaged in the development, evaluation, and implementation of technological systems and applications.

These applications play a vital role in fostering informed decision-making among healthcare providers and patients alike. One of the primary responsibilities of nursing informatics specialists is to design, rigorously test, and update technological systems as needed to ensure their optimal performance. Furthermore, these specialists can also serve as educators, imparting their knowledge and expertise to other healthcare professionals in the realm of data and technology.

• Clinical Analyst  

Clinical analysts operate within healthcare settings and hospitals, where they oversee the general workflow and ensure strict adherence to health laws and regulations. These specialists are responsible for the collection, processing, and secure storage of patient data within clinical databases. Additionally, they meticulously verify, organize, and document the gathered information, ensuring that all patient records are accurately recorded and reported.

Clinical analysts also play a crucial role in training healthcare providers on the utilization of technical software. Furthermore, they bear the responsibility of installing and updating computer systems used for processing and storing patient data. Aspiring clinical analysts typically pursue a bachelor’s degree in Nursing Informatics, Information Technology, or a related field as their educational foundation.

• Chief Nursing Informatics Officer  

The Chief Nursing Informatics Officer assumes a pivotal role in devising and enhancing strategies for the integration of technology and information systems within healthcare organizations. These officers hold the highest executive position and are responsible for formulating, assessing, and executing technological strategies that have a direct and profound impact on patient care and first-aid procedures. Chief Nursing Informatics Officers collaborate closely with other clinical leaders to leverage information technology for the delivery of high-quality patient services.

In addition to their strategic duties, Chief Officers also supervise and guide the technical training of other nursing professionals. These professionals typically command a medium salary of up to $120,000.

• Director of Clinical Informatics  

The Director of Clinical Informatics holds a crucial position in overseeing the utilization of clinical data and Electronic Health Records systems within medical institutions. They play a pivotal role in ensuring the comprehensive collection and effective management of healthcare data through the design of information technology systems. Clinical Informatics Directors must stay current with the latest technical software and applications to guarantee optimal patient outcomes.

To become a Director of Clinical Informatics, one typically requires at least a master’s or bachelor’s degree in Health Informatics, Nursing, or related fields. These professionals can earn a medium salary of up to $95,750.

How is DNP 805A Healthcare Informatics delivered?

The significance of healthcare informatics in the healthcare industry is undeniable. Much credit goes to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) for spearheading programs that incentivized hospitals to embrace and implement electronic health record technology. Graduates of the Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) in Healthcare Informatics possess the skills needed to lead teams and make impactful decisions concerning patient care. The DNP Healthcare Informatics degree has evolved into a critical asset in the pursuit of patient safety, cost reduction, and the enhancement of patient outcomes.

 The Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) program plays a crucial role in preparing graduates for senior informatics positions across various healthcare settings, including Chief Nursing Informatics Officers and Chief Clinical Information Officers. The program in Doctorate Health Informatics also addresses healthcare reform initiatives, aiming to enhance patient care and meticulously document the healthcare professionals’ delivery of care.

Project management is another key focus of DNP Healthcare Informatics. Graduates are equipped to assume leadership roles, particularly in project management. They are skilled in managing even extensive projects, with their responsibilities encompassing project planning, design, implementation, and evaluation. Thanks to the DNP course, informatics professionals possess an in-depth understanding of all phases of the project lifecycle, including overseeing work plans, budgets, and schedules in healthcare projects.

One pivotal responsibility of DNP Healthcare Informatics experts is to implement Electronic Health Record programs. They are instrumental in ensuring that hospitals effectively demonstrate the use of Electronic Health Records. Healthcare organizations now rely on Health Informatics specialists to integrate information technology systems throughout the hospital, implement essential IT applications, and optimize the use of IT systems in data collection and decision-making processes. DNP Healthcare Informatics professionals possess the capability to evaluate clinical information and national policies, enabling them to actively participate in policy development.

Who should take DNP 805A Healthcare Informatics?

The DNP 805A Healthcare Informatics degree course is a comprehensive program that integrates healthcare practices and patient data management to optimize patient care outcomes. Healthcare informatics is a multifaceted field encompassing various domains such as health records, patient care, leadership, and organizational administration. It serves as the preferred course for professionals who are keen on harnessing the power of data and technology to address healthcare challenges. While a medical or programming background can be advantageous, it is not a prerequisite to embark on a journey into healthcare informatics.

For beginners, introductory healthcare informatics courses cover essential topics like medical terminologies and ethics, providing a solid foundation for newcomers. The skills acquired in healthcare informatics are versatile and can be applied to a wide range of career opportunities, making graduates highly marketable. According to Monster’s 2022 report, problem-solving and communication skills are paramount attributes that employers seek when hiring. Therefore, if you are looking to advance your nursing career, the DNP Healthcare Informatics course stands as an excellent choice for professional development.

DNP 805 Topics

DNP 805 Topic 1 Discussion 1

DNP 805 Topic 1 Discussion 1 revolves around the application of informatics theory to the use of technology in advanced practice. The discussion asks students to select one informatics theory from the areas of Communication Theories, Change Theories, or Human Factors and discuss how it can guide the use of technology in their practice. Students are also asked to identify the strengths of the theory they select and discuss any specific data mining techniques they would not use.

The main points of DNP 805 Topic 1 Discussion 1 are as follows:

• Informatics theory can guide the use of technology in advanced practice.
• Communication Theories, Change Theories, and Human Factors are all relevant to the use of technology in healthcare.
• The selected informatics theory should have strengths that make it suitable for guiding the use of technology in the student’s practice.
• There may be specific data mining techniques that the student would not use.

The discussion is designed to help students develop their understanding of how informatics theory can be applied to the use of technology in healthcare. It also helps students to identify the strengths and weaknesses of different informatics theories

DNP 805 Topic 1 Discussion 2

In this assignment, you are required to choose a specific informatics theory from the realms of Communication Theories, Change Theories, or Human Factors. Subsequently, delve into a comprehensive discussion of how the application of the theory you select can provide guidance for the utilization of technology in advanced practice nursing. You should critically analyze both the strengths and weaknesses inherent to the chosen theory in the context of a Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP)-prepared nurse.

DNP 805 Topic 2 Discussion 1

DNP 805 Topic 2 Discussion 1 focuses on the role of the advanced practice registered nurse (APRN) in promoting patient engagement in healthcare technology. The discussion asks students to identify three specific ways in which APRNs can promote patient engagement and to discuss the benefits of patient engagement for both patients and healthcare providers. Students are also asked to identify any potential barriers to patient engagement and to discuss strategies for overcoming these barriers.

Here are some key points of DNP 805 Topic 2 Discussion 1:

• APRNs play a critical role in promoting patient engagement in healthcare technology.
• Patient engagement can lead to improved patient outcomes, reduced healthcare costs, and increased patient satisfaction.
• There are several potential barriers to patient engagement, such as lack of access to technology, lack of knowledge about technology, and lack of trust in healthcare providers.
• APRNs can overcome these barriers by providing education and training to patients, advocating for patient-centered care, and using technology to connect with patients in a meaningful way.

The discussion is designed to help students develop their understanding of the importance of patient engagement in healthcare technology. It also helps students to identify strategies for promoting patient engagement in their own practice.

Here are some specific examples of how APRNs can promote patient engagement in healthcare technology:

• Educate patients about technology: APRNs can provide patients with information about how to use healthcare technology, such as electronic health records (EHRs) and patient portals.
• Train patients on how to use technology: APRNs can train patients on how to use specific healthcare technology tools, such as glucose monitors and blood pressure cuffs.
• Advocate for patient-centered care: APRNs can advocate for patient-centered care, which emphasizes patient involvement in all aspects of their healthcare.
• Use technology to connect with patients in a meaningful way: APRNs can use technology to connect with patients in a meaningful way, such as by sending secure messages or scheduling appointments online.

By promoting patient engagement in healthcare technology, APRNs can help to improve patient outcomes, reduce healthcare costs, and increase patient satisfaction.

DNP 805 Topic 2 Discussion 2

Welcome to your exciting new role as a DNP-prepared nurse in a leadership position in clinical practice. In this task, we’re going to explore how your practice workflow can seamlessly incorporate patient care, communication with the healthcare team, and the integration of Electronic Health Records (EHR).

For your analysis, consider the following:

1. Workflow Assessment: Take a close look at your new practice workflow. How can you optimize it to ensure efficient patient care while effectively communicating with your healthcare team? This is a crucial aspect, and it’s essential to align your practices with the latest healthcare technologies, especially EHR.

2. EHR Integration: Discuss how you plan to integrate EHR into your practice. What strategies will you employ to ensure that patient data is accurately documented and easily accessible? Consider how technology can enhance patient care, streamline processes, and improve patient safety.

3. Metropolitan Magnet Hospital: Now, let’s focus on the context. If your new position is in a busy metropolitan area within a Magnet acute-care hospital, you’ll need to address the unique challenges and opportunities this environment presents. Discuss how you plan to handle the fast-paced nature of a metropolitan hospital while maintaining a commitment to excellence and magnet status standards.

4. Rural Regional Clinic System: On the flip side, what changes might you anticipate if your practice were situated in a rural regional clinic system? Consider the specific needs of a rural population, potential resource limitations, and the importance of community engagement. How would you adapt your approach to align with the requirements and dynamics of this setting?

DNP 805 Topic 3 Discussion 1

DNP 805 Topic 3 Discussion 1 focuses on the impact of electronic health records (EHRs) on patient safety and quality outcomes. The discussion asks students to discuss the potential benefits and risks of EHRs, and to identify strategies for using EHRs to improve patient safety and quality outcomes.

Benefits of EHRs

• Improved patient care coordination: EHRs can improve patient care coordination by providing clinicians with a comprehensive view of a patient’s medical history, including medications, allergies, and laboratory test results.
• Reduced medical errors: EHRs can help to reduce medical errors by alerting clinicians to potential drug interactions, allergies, and other safety concerns.
• Improved patient outcomes: EHRs can help to improve patient outcomes by providing clinicians with the information they need to make informed decisions about patient care.
• Increased efficiency: EHRs can help to increase efficiency by automating some of the tasks involved in documenting patient care.

Risks of EHRs

• Privacy concerns: EHRs contain sensitive patient information, and there is a risk that this information could be breached or misused.
• Alert fatigue: Clinicians can be overwhelmed by the number of alerts generated by EHRs, and this can lead to alert fatigue, which can increase the risk of medical errors.
• Workforce disruptions: The implementation of EHRs can disrupt clinician workflow, and this can lead to decreased productivity and increased clinician burnout.

Strategies for using EHRs to improve patient safety and quality outcomes

• Involve clinicians in the planning and implementation process: Clinicians should be involved in the planning and implementation of EHRs, so that they can provide input on the design and functionality of the systems.
• Provide adequate training to clinicians: Clinicians should be provided with adequate training on how to use EHRs, so that they can use the systems effectively.
• Monitor the impact of EHRs on patient care and clinician workflow: Healthcare organizations should monitor the impact of EHRs on patient care and clinician workflow, and make changes as needed.
• Use EHRs to support evidence-based practice: EHRs can be used to support evidence-based practice by providing clinicians with access to clinical guidelines and other evidence-based resources.
• Use EHRs to measure and improve quality: EHRs can be used to measure and improve quality by tracking patient outcomes and other quality metrics.

DNP 805 Topic 3 Discussion 2

DNP 805 Topic 3 Discussion 2 focuses on the use of computerized provider order entry (CPOE) and clinical decision support systems (CDSS) in healthcare. The discussion asks students to define CPOE and CDSS, to discuss the benefits and challenges of using these systems, and to identify strategies for implementing these systems successfully.

DNP 805 Topic 4 Discussion 1

DNP 805 Topic 4 Discussion 1 focuses on the evaluation of healthcare information systems. The discussion asks students to identify the different types of healthcare information systems, to discuss the criteria that should be used to evaluate these systems, and to identify strategies for evaluating these systems.

DNP 805 Topic 5 Discussion 1

DNP 805 Topic 5 Discussion 1 focuses on the future of healthcare information systems. The discussion asks students to discuss the trends that are shaping the future of healthcare information systems, and to identify the opportunities and challenges that these trends present.

Trends shaping the future of healthcare information systems

• Artificial intelligence (AI): AI is being used to develop new healthcare information systems that can automate tasks, provide clinical decision support, and personalize patient care.
• Big data: Healthcare organizations are collecting large amounts of data on their patients, and they are using this data to improve patient care and population health.
• Cloud computing: Healthcare organizations are moving their healthcare information systems to the cloud, which can improve scalability, security, and cost-effectiveness.
• Mobile health: Patients are using mobile devices to access their medical records, schedule appointments, and communicate with their clinicians.
• Internet of Things (IoT): The IoT is being used to collect data from medical devices and other devices that can be used to improve patient care.

Opportunities presented by trends shaping the future of healthcare information systems

• Improved patient care: Healthcare information systems can be used to improve patient care by providing clinicians with access to patient data, automating tasks, and providing clinical decision support.
• Reduced costs: Healthcare information systems can be used to reduce costs by automating tasks, improving efficiency, and reducing medical errors.
• Improved population health: Healthcare information systems can be used to improve population health by tracking population health trends and identifying at-risk populations.
• Increased patient engagement: Healthcare information systems can be used to increase patient engagement by providing patients with access to their medical records and allowing them to communicate with their clinicians.

Challenges presented by trends shaping the future of healthcare information systems

• Data security: Healthcare organizations need to protect patient data from unauthorized access.
• Interoperability: Healthcare information systems need to be able to communicate with each other in order to share data.
• Privacy: Healthcare organizations need to protect patient privacy.
• Workforce disruptions: Healthcare information systems can disrupt clinician workflow.
• Cost: Healthcare information systems can be expensive to implement and maintain.

Sources

1. Fulton, C. R., Meek, J. A., & Walker, P. H. (2014). Faculty and organizational characteristics associated with informatics/health information technology adoption in DNP programs. Journal of Professional Nursing, 30(4), 292-299.
2. Jenkins, M. L. (2018). Informatics Essentials for DNPs. In Nursing Informatics 2018 (pp. 55-57). IOS Press. https://ebooks.iospress.nl/doi/10.3233/978-1-61499-872-3-55
3. Jenkins, M., Wilson, M., & Ozbolt, J. (2007). Informatics in the doctor of nursing practice curriculum. In AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings (Vol. 2007, p. 364). American Medical Informatics Association.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2655779/
4. 5 Essentials Courses in a  Health Informatics Degree https://www.healthcare-management-degree.net/list-articles/5-key-courses-in-a-health-informatics-degree-program/
5. Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) Degree_https://www.gcu.edu/degree-programs/dnp-doctor-nursing-practice
6. Why Get a Doctorate in Nursing (DNP)?https://nursejournal.org/degrees/dnp/why-get-a-dnp-degree
7. Choi, J., & Zucker, D. M. (2013). Self-assessment of nursing informatics competencies for doctor of nursing practice students. Journal of Professional Nursing, 29(6), 381-387.
8. http://onlinecatalog.nku.edu/preview_program.php?catoid=19&poid=2837&returnto=2150

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